arm: dynarmic: Cleanup icache op handling

general: Resolve comments in PR #7368

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ function(check_submodules_present)
         string(REGEX REPLACE "path *= *" "" module ${module})
         if (NOT EXISTS "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/${module}/.git")
             message(FATAL_ERROR "Git submodule ${module} not found. "
-                    "Please run: git submodule update --init --recursive")
+                    "Please run: \ngit submodule update --init --recursive")
         endif()
     endforeach()
 endfunction()

src/common/bit_util.h

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <bit>
 #include <climits>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <type_traits>
 
 #include "common/common_types.h"
 
@@ -44,4 +45,10 @@ template <typename T>
     return static_cast<u32>(log2_f + static_cast<u64>((value ^ (1ULL << log2_f)) != 0ULL));
 }
 
+template <typename T>
+requires std::is_integral_v<T>
+[[nodiscard]] T NextPow2(T value) {
+    return static_cast<T>(1ULL << ((8U * sizeof(T)) - std::countl_zero(value - 1U)));
+}
+
 } // namespace Common

src/core/arm/dynarmic/arm_dynarmic_64.cpp

@@ -86,6 +86,26 @@ public:
                   num_instructions, MemoryReadCode(pc));
     }
 
+    void InstructionCacheOperationRaised(Dynarmic::A64::InstructionCacheOperation op,
+                                         VAddr value) override {
+        switch (op) {
+        case Dynarmic::A64::InstructionCacheOperation::InvalidateByVAToPoU: {
+            static constexpr u64 ICACHE_LINE_SIZE = 64;
+
+            const u64 cache_line_start = value & ~(ICACHE_LINE_SIZE - 1);
+            parent.InvalidateCacheRange(cache_line_start, ICACHE_LINE_SIZE);
+            break;
+        }
+        case Dynarmic::A64::InstructionCacheOperation::InvalidateAllToPoU:
+            parent.ClearInstructionCache();
+            break;
+        case Dynarmic::A64::InstructionCacheOperation::InvalidateAllToPoUInnerSharable:
+        default:
+            LOG_DEBUG(Core_ARM, "Unprocesseed instruction cache operation: {}", op);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
     void ExceptionRaised(u64 pc, Dynarmic::A64::Exception exception) override {
         switch (exception) {
         case Dynarmic::A64::Exception::WaitForInterrupt:

src/core/frontend/framebuffer_layout.cpp

@@ -25,7 +25,12 @@ FramebufferLayout DefaultFrameLayout(u32 width, u32 height) {
     ASSERT(height > 0);
     // The drawing code needs at least somewhat valid values for both screens
     // so just calculate them both even if the other isn't showing.
-    FramebufferLayout res{width, height, false, {}};
+    FramebufferLayout res{
+        .width = width,
+        .height = height,
+        .screen = {},
+        .is_srgb = false,
+    };
 
     const float window_aspect_ratio = static_cast<float>(height) / static_cast<float>(width);
     const float emulation_aspect_ratio = EmulationAspectRatio(

src/core/frontend/framebuffer_layout.h

@@ -35,17 +35,8 @@ enum class AspectRatio {
 struct FramebufferLayout {
     u32 width{ScreenUndocked::Width};
     u32 height{ScreenUndocked::Height};
-    bool is_srgb{};
-
     Common::Rectangle<u32> screen;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the ration of pixel size of the screen, compared to the native size of the undocked
-     * Switch screen.
-     */
-    float GetScalingRatio() const {
-        return static_cast<float>(screen.GetWidth()) / ScreenUndocked::Width;
-    }
+    bool is_srgb{};
 };
 
 /**

src/core/hle/kernel/kernel.cpp

@@ -300,15 +300,16 @@ struct KernelCore::Impl {
     // Gets the dummy KThread for the caller, allocating a new one if this is the first time
     KThread* GetHostDummyThread() {
         auto make_thread = [this]() {
-            std::unique_ptr<KThread> thread = std::make_unique<KThread>(system.Kernel());
+            std::lock_guard lk(dummy_thread_lock);
+            auto& thread = dummy_threads.emplace_back(std::make_unique<KThread>(system.Kernel()));
             KAutoObject::Create(thread.get());
             ASSERT(KThread::InitializeDummyThread(thread.get()).IsSuccess());
             thread->SetName(fmt::format("DummyThread:{}", GetHostThreadId()));
-            return thread;
+            return thread.get();
         };
 
-        thread_local auto thread = make_thread();
-        return thread.get();
+        thread_local KThread* saved_thread = make_thread();
+        return saved_thread;
     }
 
     /// Registers a CPU core thread by allocating a host thread ID for it
@@ -695,6 +696,12 @@ struct KernelCore::Impl {
         return port;
     }
 
+    std::mutex server_ports_lock;
+    std::mutex server_sessions_lock;
+    std::mutex registered_objects_lock;
+    std::mutex registered_in_use_objects_lock;
+    std::mutex dummy_thread_lock;
+
     std::atomic<u32> next_object_id{0};
     std::atomic<u64> next_kernel_process_id{KProcess::InitialKIPIDMin};
     std::atomic<u64> next_user_process_id{KProcess::ProcessIDMin};
@@ -725,10 +732,6 @@ struct KernelCore::Impl {
     std::unordered_set<KServerSession*> server_sessions;
     std::unordered_set<KAutoObject*> registered_objects;
     std::unordered_set<KAutoObject*> registered_in_use_objects;
-    std::mutex server_ports_lock;
-    std::mutex server_sessions_lock;
-    std::mutex registered_objects_lock;
-    std::mutex registered_in_use_objects_lock;
 
     std::unique_ptr<Core::ExclusiveMonitor> exclusive_monitor;
     std::vector<Kernel::PhysicalCore> cores;
@@ -753,6 +756,9 @@ struct KernelCore::Impl {
     std::array<Core::CPUInterruptHandler, Core::Hardware::NUM_CPU_CORES> interrupts{};
     std::array<std::unique_ptr<Kernel::KScheduler>, Core::Hardware::NUM_CPU_CORES> schedulers{};
 
+    // Specifically tracked to be automatically destroyed with kernel
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<KThread>> dummy_threads;
+
     bool is_multicore{};
     bool is_phantom_mode_for_singlecore{};
     u32 single_core_thread_id{};

src/core/hle/service/pm/pm.cpp

@@ -13,7 +13,12 @@ namespace Service::PM {
 
 namespace {
 
-constexpr ResultCode ERROR_PROCESS_NOT_FOUND{ErrorModule::PM, 1};
+constexpr ResultCode ResultProcessNotFound{ErrorModule::PM, 1};
+[[maybe_unused]] constexpr ResultCode ResultAlreadyStarted{ErrorModule::PM, 2};
+[[maybe_unused]] constexpr ResultCode ResultNotTerminated{ErrorModule::PM, 3};
+[[maybe_unused]] constexpr ResultCode ResultDebugHookInUse{ErrorModule::PM, 4};
+[[maybe_unused]] constexpr ResultCode ResultApplicationRunning{ErrorModule::PM, 5};
+[[maybe_unused]] constexpr ResultCode ResultInvalidSize{ErrorModule::PM, 6};
 
 constexpr u64 NO_PROCESS_FOUND_PID{0};
 
@@ -95,18 +100,18 @@ public:
 private:
     void GetProcessId(Kernel::HLERequestContext& ctx) {
         IPC::RequestParser rp{ctx};
-        const auto title_id = rp.PopRaw<u64>();
+        const auto program_id = rp.PopRaw<u64>();
 
-        LOG_DEBUG(Service_PM, "called, title_id={:016X}", title_id);
+        LOG_DEBUG(Service_PM, "called, program_id={:016X}", program_id);
 
         const auto process =
-            SearchProcessList(kernel.GetProcessList(), [title_id](const auto& proc) {
-                return proc->GetProgramID() == title_id;
+            SearchProcessList(kernel.GetProcessList(), [program_id](const auto& proc) {
+                return proc->GetProgramID() == program_id;
             });
 
         if (!process.has_value()) {
             IPC::ResponseBuilder rb{ctx, 2};
-            rb.Push(ERROR_PROCESS_NOT_FOUND);
+            rb.Push(ResultProcessNotFound);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -128,13 +133,16 @@ public:
     explicit Info(Core::System& system_, const std::vector<Kernel::KProcess*>& process_list_)
         : ServiceFramework{system_, "pm:info"}, process_list{process_list_} {
         static const FunctionInfo functions[] = {
-            {0, &Info::GetTitleId, "GetTitleId"},
+            {0, &Info::GetProgramId, "GetProgramId"},
+            {65000, &Info::AtmosphereGetProcessId, "AtmosphereGetProcessId"},
+            {65001, nullptr, "AtmosphereHasLaunchedProgram"},
+            {65002, nullptr, "AtmosphereGetProcessInfo"},
         };
         RegisterHandlers(functions);
     }
 
 private:
-    void GetTitleId(Kernel::HLERequestContext& ctx) {
+    void GetProgramId(Kernel::HLERequestContext& ctx) {
         IPC::RequestParser rp{ctx};
         const auto process_id = rp.PopRaw<u64>();
 
@@ -146,7 +154,7 @@ private:
 
         if (!process.has_value()) {
             IPC::ResponseBuilder rb{ctx, 2};
-            rb.Push(ERROR_PROCESS_NOT_FOUND);
+            rb.Push(ResultProcessNotFound);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -155,6 +163,27 @@ private:
         rb.Push((*process)->GetProgramID());
     }
 
+    void AtmosphereGetProcessId(Kernel::HLERequestContext& ctx) {
+        IPC::RequestParser rp{ctx};
+        const auto program_id = rp.PopRaw<u64>();
+
+        LOG_DEBUG(Service_PM, "called, program_id={:016X}", program_id);
+
+        const auto process = SearchProcessList(process_list, [program_id](const auto& proc) {
+            return proc->GetProgramID() == program_id;
+        });
+
+        if (!process.has_value()) {
+            IPC::ResponseBuilder rb{ctx, 2};
+            rb.Push(ResultProcessNotFound);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        IPC::ResponseBuilder rb{ctx, 4};
+        rb.Push(ResultSuccess);
+        rb.Push((*process)->GetProcessID());
+    }
+
     const std::vector<Kernel::KProcess*>& process_list;
 };
 

src/video_core/gpu.h

@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ enum class DepthFormat : u32 {
     S8_UINT_Z24_UNORM = 0x14,
     D24X8_UNORM = 0x15,
     D24S8_UNORM = 0x16,
+    S8_UINT = 0x17,
     D24C8_UNORM = 0x18,
     D32_FLOAT_S8X24_UINT = 0x19,
 };

src/video_core/host_shaders/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -10,8 +10,14 @@ set(SHADER_FILES
     astc_decoder.comp
     block_linear_unswizzle_2d.comp
     block_linear_unswizzle_3d.comp
+    convert_abgr8_to_d24s8.frag
+    convert_b10g11r11_to_d24s8.frag
+    convert_d24s8_to_abgr8.frag
+    convert_d24s8_to_b10g11r11.frag
+    convert_d24s8_to_r16g16.frag
     convert_depth_to_float.frag
     convert_float_to_depth.frag
+    convert_r16g16_to_d24s8.frag
     full_screen_triangle.vert
     fxaa.frag
     fxaa.vert

src/video_core/host_shaders/convert_abgr8_to_d24s8.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// Copyright 2021 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#version 450
+#extension GL_ARB_shader_stencil_export : require
+
+layout(binding = 0) uniform sampler2D color_texture;
+
+void main() {
+    ivec2 coord = ivec2(gl_FragCoord.xy);
+    uvec4 color = uvec4(texelFetch(color_texture, coord, 0).rgba * (exp2(8) - 1.0f));
+    uint depth_unorm = (color.r << 16) | (color.g << 8) | color.b;
+
+    gl_FragDepth = float(depth_unorm) / (exp2(24.0) - 1.0f);
+    gl_FragStencilRefARB = int(color.a);
+}

src/video_core/host_shaders/convert_b10g11r11_to_d24s8.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Copyright 2021 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#version 450
+#extension GL_ARB_shader_stencil_export : require
+
+layout(binding = 0) uniform sampler2D color_texture;
+
+void main() {
+    ivec2 coord = ivec2(gl_FragCoord.xy);
+    vec4 color = texelFetch(color_texture, coord, 0).rgba;
+    uint depth_stencil_unorm = (uint(color.b * (exp2(10) - 1.0f)) << 22)
+                      | (uint(color.g * (exp2(11) - 1.0f)) << 11)
+                      | (uint(color.r * (exp2(11) - 1.0f)));
+
+    gl_FragDepth = float(depth_stencil_unorm >> 8) / (exp2(24.0) - 1.0f);
+    gl_FragStencilRefARB = int(depth_stencil_unorm & 0x00FF);
+}

src/video_core/host_shaders/convert_d24s8_to_abgr8.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2021 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#version 450
+
+layout(binding = 0) uniform sampler2D depth_tex;
+layout(binding = 1) uniform isampler2D stencil_tex;
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 color;
+
+void main() {
+    ivec2 coord = ivec2(gl_FragCoord.xy);
+    uint depth = uint(textureLod(depth_tex, coord, 0).r * (exp2(24.0) - 1.0f));
+    uint stencil = uint(textureLod(stencil_tex, coord, 0).r);
+
+    color.r = float(depth >> 16) / (exp2(8) - 1.0);
+    color.g = float((depth >> 8) & 0x00FF) / (exp2(8) - 1.0);
+    color.b = float(depth & 0x00FF) / (exp2(8) - 1.0);
+    color.a = float(stencil) / (exp2(8) - 1.0);
+}

src/video_core/host_shaders/convert_d24s8_to_b10g11r11.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2021 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#version 450
+
+layout(binding = 0) uniform sampler2D depth_tex;
+layout(binding = 1) uniform isampler2D stencil_tex;
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 color;
+
+void main() {
+    ivec2 coord = ivec2(gl_FragCoord.xy);
+    uint depth = uint(textureLod(depth_tex, coord, 0).r * (exp2(24.0) - 1.0f));
+    uint stencil = uint(textureLod(stencil_tex, coord, 0).r);
+
+    color.b = float(depth >> 22) / (exp2(10) - 1.0);
+    color.g = float((depth >> 11) & 0x00FF) / (exp2(11) - 1.0);
+    color.r = float(depth & 0x00FF) / (exp2(11) - 1.0);
+    color.a = 1.0f;
+}

src/video_core/host_shaders/convert_d24s8_to_r16g16.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2021 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#version 450
+
+layout(binding = 0) uniform sampler2D depth_tex;
+layout(binding = 1) uniform isampler2D stencil_tex;
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 color;
+
+void main() {
+    ivec2 coord = ivec2(gl_FragCoord.xy);
+    uint depth = uint(textureLod(depth_tex, coord, 0).r * (exp2(24.0) - 1.0f));
+    uint stencil = uint(textureLod(stencil_tex, coord, 0).r);
+
+    color.r = float(depth >> 16) / (exp2(16) - 1.0);
+    color.g = float((depth >> 16) & 0x00FF) / (exp2(16) - 1.0);
+    color.b = 0.0f;
+    color.a = 1.0f;
+}

src/video_core/host_shaders/convert_r16g16_to_d24s8.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright 2021 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#version 450
+#extension GL_ARB_shader_stencil_export : require
+
+layout(binding = 0) uniform sampler2D color_texture;
+
+void main() {
+    ivec2 coord = ivec2(gl_FragCoord.xy);
+    vec4 color = texelFetch(color_texture, coord, 0).rgba;
+    uint depth_stencil_unorm = (uint(color.r * (exp2(16) - 1.0f)) << 16)
+                      | (uint(color.g * (exp2(16) - 1.0f)) << 16);
+
+    gl_FragDepth = float(depth_stencil_unorm >> 8) / (exp2(24.0) - 1.0f);
+    gl_FragStencilRefARB = int(depth_stencil_unorm & 0x00FF);
+}

src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_texture_cache.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 #include <glad/glad.h>
 
+#include "common/bit_util.h"
 #include "common/literals.h"
 #include "common/settings.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_device.h"
@@ -148,6 +149,8 @@ GLenum AttachmentType(PixelFormat format) {
     switch (const SurfaceType type = VideoCore::Surface::GetFormatType(format); type) {
     case SurfaceType::Depth:
         return GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT;
+    case SurfaceType::Stencil:
+        return GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT;
     case SurfaceType::DepthStencil:
         return GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT;
     default:
@@ -317,13 +320,12 @@ void AttachTexture(GLuint fbo, GLenum attachment, const ImageView* image_view) {
     }
 }
 
-OGLTexture MakeImage(const VideoCommon::ImageInfo& info, GLenum gl_internal_format) {
+OGLTexture MakeImage(const VideoCommon::ImageInfo& info, GLenum gl_internal_format,
+                     GLsizei gl_num_levels) {
     const GLenum target = ImageTarget(info);
     const GLsizei width = info.size.width;
     const GLsizei height = info.size.height;
     const GLsizei depth = info.size.depth;
-    const int max_host_mip_levels = std::bit_width(info.size.width);
-    const GLsizei num_levels = std::min(info.resources.levels, max_host_mip_levels);
     const GLsizei num_layers = info.resources.layers;
     const GLsizei num_samples = info.num_samples;
 
@@ -335,10 +337,10 @@ OGLTexture MakeImage(const VideoCommon::ImageInfo& info, GLenum gl_internal_form
     }
     switch (target) {
     case GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY:
-        glTextureStorage2D(handle, num_levels, gl_internal_format, width, num_layers);
+        glTextureStorage2D(handle, gl_num_levels, gl_internal_format, width, num_layers);
         break;
     case GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY:
-        glTextureStorage3D(handle, num_levels, gl_internal_format, width, height, num_layers);
+        glTextureStorage3D(handle, gl_num_levels, gl_internal_format, width, height, num_layers);
         break;
     case GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY: {
         // TODO: Where should 'fixedsamplelocations' come from?
@@ -348,10 +350,10 @@ OGLTexture MakeImage(const VideoCommon::ImageInfo& info, GLenum gl_internal_form
         break;
     }
     case GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE:
-        glTextureStorage2D(handle, num_levels, gl_internal_format, width, height);
+        glTextureStorage2D(handle, gl_num_levels, gl_internal_format, width, height);
         break;
     case GL_TEXTURE_3D:
-        glTextureStorage3D(handle, num_levels, gl_internal_format, width, height, depth);
+        glTextureStorage3D(handle, gl_num_levels, gl_internal_format, width, height, depth);
         break;
     case GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER:
         UNREACHABLE();
@@ -397,9 +399,6 @@ OGLTexture MakeImage(const VideoCommon::ImageInfo& info, GLenum gl_internal_form
     return GL_R32UI;
 }
 
-[[nodiscard]] u32 NextPow2(u32 value) {
-    return 1U << (32U - std::countl_zero(value - 1U));
-}
 } // Anonymous namespace
 
 ImageBufferMap::~ImageBufferMap() {
@@ -526,8 +525,8 @@ void TextureCacheRuntime::CopyImage(Image& dst_image, Image& src_image,
     }
 }
 
-void TextureCacheRuntime::ConvertImage(Image& dst, Image& src,
-                                       std::span<const VideoCommon::ImageCopy> copies) {
+void TextureCacheRuntime::ReinterpretImage(Image& dst, Image& src,
+                                           std::span<const VideoCommon::ImageCopy> copies) {
     LOG_DEBUG(Render_OpenGL, "Converting {} to {}", src.info.format, dst.info.format);
     format_conversion_pass.ConvertImage(dst, src, copies);
 }
@@ -696,7 +695,9 @@ Image::Image(TextureCacheRuntime& runtime_, const VideoCommon::ImageInfo& info_,
         gl_format = tuple.format;
         gl_type = tuple.type;
     }
-    texture = MakeImage(info, gl_internal_format);
+    const int max_host_mip_levels = std::bit_width(info.size.width);
+    gl_num_levels = std::min(info.resources.levels, max_host_mip_levels);
+    texture = MakeImage(info, gl_internal_format, gl_num_levels);
     current_texture = texture.handle;
     if (runtime->device.HasDebuggingToolAttached()) {
         const std::string name = VideoCommon::Name(*this);
@@ -724,6 +725,9 @@ void Image::UploadMemory(const ImageBufferMap& map,
     u32 current_image_height = std::numeric_limits<u32>::max();
 
     for (const VideoCommon::BufferImageCopy& copy : copies) {
+        if (copy.image_subresource.base_level >= gl_num_levels) {
+            continue;
+        }
         if (current_row_length != copy.buffer_row_length) {
             current_row_length = copy.buffer_row_length;
             glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH, current_row_length);
@@ -753,6 +757,9 @@ void Image::DownloadMemory(ImageBufferMap& map,
     u32 current_image_height = std::numeric_limits<u32>::max();
 
     for (const VideoCommon::BufferImageCopy& copy : copies) {
+        if (copy.image_subresource.base_level >= gl_num_levels) {
+            continue;
+        }
         if (current_row_length != copy.buffer_row_length) {
             current_row_length = copy.buffer_row_length;
             glPixelStorei(GL_PACK_ROW_LENGTH, current_row_length);
@@ -792,7 +799,7 @@ GLuint Image::StorageHandle() noexcept {
         }
         store_view.Create();
         glTextureView(store_view.handle, ImageTarget(info), current_texture, GL_RGBA8, 0,
-                      info.resources.levels, 0, info.resources.layers);
+                      gl_num_levels, 0, info.resources.layers);
         return store_view.handle;
     default:
         return current_texture;
@@ -907,6 +914,8 @@ void Image::Scale(bool up_scale) {
             return GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0;
         case SurfaceType::Depth:
             return GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT;
+        case SurfaceType::Stencil:
+            return GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT;
         case SurfaceType::DepthStencil:
             return GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT;
         default:
@@ -920,8 +929,10 @@ void Image::Scale(bool up_scale) {
             return GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT;
         case SurfaceType::Depth:
             return GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT;
+        case SurfaceType::Stencil:
+            return GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT;
         case SurfaceType::DepthStencil:
-            return GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT;
+            return GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT;
         default:
             UNREACHABLE();
             return GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT;
@@ -933,8 +944,10 @@ void Image::Scale(bool up_scale) {
             return 0;
         case SurfaceType::Depth:
             return 1;
-        case SurfaceType::DepthStencil:
+        case SurfaceType::Stencil:
             return 2;
+        case SurfaceType::DepthStencil:
+            return 3;
         default:
             UNREACHABLE();
             return 0;
@@ -956,7 +969,7 @@ void Image::Scale(bool up_scale) {
         auto dst_info = info;
         dst_info.size.width = scaled_width;
         dst_info.size.height = scaled_height;
-        upscaled_backup = MakeImage(dst_info, gl_internal_format);
+        upscaled_backup = MakeImage(dst_info, gl_internal_format, gl_num_levels);
     }
     const u32 src_width = up_scale ? original_width : scaled_width;
     const u32 src_height = up_scale ? original_height : scaled_height;
@@ -1264,10 +1277,20 @@ Framebuffer::Framebuffer(TextureCacheRuntime& runtime, std::span<ImageView*, NUM
     }
 
     if (const ImageView* const image_view = depth_buffer; image_view) {
-        if (GetFormatType(image_view->format) == SurfaceType::DepthStencil) {
-            buffer_bits |= GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT;
-        } else {
+        switch (GetFormatType(image_view->format)) {
+        case SurfaceType::Depth:
             buffer_bits |= GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT;
+            break;
+        case SurfaceType::Stencil:
+            buffer_bits |= GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT;
+            break;
+        case SurfaceType::DepthStencil:
+            buffer_bits |= GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT;
+            break;
+        default:
+            UNREACHABLE();
+            buffer_bits |= GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT;
+            break;
         }
         const GLenum attachment = AttachmentType(image_view->format);
         AttachTexture(handle, attachment, image_view);
@@ -1308,7 +1331,7 @@ void FormatConversionPass::ConvertImage(Image& dst_image, Image& src_image,
         const u32 copy_size = region.width * region.height * region.depth * img_bpp;
         if (pbo_size < copy_size) {
             intermediate_pbo.Create();
-            pbo_size = NextPow2(copy_size);
+            pbo_size = Common::NextPow2(copy_size);
             glNamedBufferData(intermediate_pbo.handle, pbo_size, nullptr, GL_STREAM_COPY);
         }
         // Copy from source to PBO

src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_texture_cache.h

@@ -84,9 +84,13 @@ public:
 
     u64 GetDeviceLocalMemory() const;
 
+    bool ShouldReinterpret([[maybe_unused]] Image& dst, [[maybe_unused]] Image& src) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
     void CopyImage(Image& dst, Image& src, std::span<const VideoCommon::ImageCopy> copies);
 
-    void ConvertImage(Image& dst, Image& src, std::span<const VideoCommon::ImageCopy> copies);
+    void ReinterpretImage(Image& dst, Image& src, std::span<const VideoCommon::ImageCopy> copies);
 
     void ConvertImage(Framebuffer* dst, ImageView& dst_view, ImageView& src_view, bool rescaled) {
         UNIMPLEMENTED();
@@ -164,8 +168,8 @@ private:
 
     std::array<GLuint, Shader::NUM_TEXTURE_TYPES> null_image_views{};
 
-    std::array<OGLFramebuffer, 3> rescale_draw_fbos;
-    std::array<OGLFramebuffer, 3> rescale_read_fbos;
+    std::array<OGLFramebuffer, 4> rescale_draw_fbos;
+    std::array<OGLFramebuffer, 4> rescale_read_fbos;
     const Settings::ResolutionScalingInfo& resolution;
 };
 
@@ -221,6 +225,7 @@ private:
     GLenum gl_internal_format = GL_NONE;
     GLenum gl_format = GL_NONE;
     GLenum gl_type = GL_NONE;
+    GLsizei gl_num_levels{};
     TextureCacheRuntime* runtime{};
     GLuint current_texture{};
 };
@@ -338,7 +343,6 @@ struct TextureCacheParams {
     static constexpr bool FRAMEBUFFER_BLITS = true;
     static constexpr bool HAS_EMULATED_COPIES = true;
     static constexpr bool HAS_DEVICE_MEMORY_INFO = true;
-    static constexpr bool HAS_PIXEL_FORMAT_CONVERSIONS = true;
 
     using Runtime = OpenGL::TextureCacheRuntime;
     using Image = OpenGL::Image;

src/video_core/renderer_opengl/maxwell_to_gl.h

@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ constexpr std::array<FormatTuple, VideoCore::Surface::MaxPixelFormat> FORMAT_TAB
     {GL_RGB9_E5, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_5_9_9_9_REV},                // E5B9G9R9_FLOAT
     {GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT32F, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT},            // D32_FLOAT
     {GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT16, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT},    // D16_UNORM
+    {GL_STENCIL_INDEX8, GL_STENCIL, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE},                // S8_UINT
     {GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8},    // D24_UNORM_S8_UINT
     {GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8},    // S8_UINT_D24_UNORM
     {GL_DEPTH32F_STENCIL8, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL,

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/blit_image.cpp

@@ -4,8 +4,14 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 
+#include "video_core/host_shaders/convert_abgr8_to_d24s8_frag_spv.h"
+#include "video_core/host_shaders/convert_b10g11r11_to_d24s8_frag_spv.h"
+#include "video_core/host_shaders/convert_d24s8_to_abgr8_frag_spv.h"
+#include "video_core/host_shaders/convert_d24s8_to_b10g11r11_frag_spv.h"
+#include "video_core/host_shaders/convert_d24s8_to_r16g16_frag_spv.h"
 #include "video_core/host_shaders/convert_depth_to_float_frag_spv.h"
 #include "video_core/host_shaders/convert_float_to_depth_frag_spv.h"
+#include "video_core/host_shaders/convert_r16g16_to_d24s8_frag_spv.h"
 #include "video_core/host_shaders/full_screen_triangle_vert_spv.h"
 #include "video_core/host_shaders/vulkan_blit_color_float_frag_spv.h"
 #include "video_core/host_shaders/vulkan_blit_depth_stencil_frag_spv.h"
@@ -354,6 +360,12 @@ BlitImageHelper::BlitImageHelper(const Device& device_, VKScheduler& scheduler_,
       blit_color_to_color_frag(BuildShader(device, VULKAN_BLIT_COLOR_FLOAT_FRAG_SPV)),
       convert_depth_to_float_frag(BuildShader(device, CONVERT_DEPTH_TO_FLOAT_FRAG_SPV)),
       convert_float_to_depth_frag(BuildShader(device, CONVERT_FLOAT_TO_DEPTH_FRAG_SPV)),
+      convert_abgr8_to_d24s8_frag(BuildShader(device, CONVERT_ABGR8_TO_D24S8_FRAG_SPV)),
+      convert_b10g11r11_to_d24s8_frag(BuildShader(device, CONVERT_B10G11R11_TO_D24S8_FRAG_SPV)),
+      convert_r16g16_to_d24s8_frag(BuildShader(device, CONVERT_R16G16_TO_D24S8_FRAG_SPV)),
+      convert_d24s8_to_abgr8_frag(BuildShader(device, CONVERT_D24S8_TO_ABGR8_FRAG_SPV)),
+      convert_d24s8_to_b10g11r11_frag(BuildShader(device, CONVERT_D24S8_TO_B10G11R11_FRAG_SPV)),
+      convert_d24s8_to_r16g16_frag(BuildShader(device, CONVERT_D24S8_TO_R16G16_FRAG_SPV)),
       linear_sampler(device.GetLogical().CreateSampler(SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO<VK_FILTER_LINEAR>)),
       nearest_sampler(device.GetLogical().CreateSampler(SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO<VK_FILTER_NEAREST>)) {
     if (device.IsExtShaderStencilExportSupported()) {
@@ -448,6 +460,59 @@ void BlitImageHelper::ConvertR16ToD16(const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer,
     Convert(*convert_r16_to_d16_pipeline, dst_framebuffer, src_image_view, up_scale, down_shift);
 }
 
+void BlitImageHelper::ConvertABGR8ToD24S8(const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer,
+                                          const ImageView& src_image_view, u32 up_scale,
+                                          u32 down_shift) {
+    ConvertPipelineDepthTargetEx(convert_abgr8_to_d24s8_pipeline, dst_framebuffer->RenderPass(),
+                                 convert_abgr8_to_d24s8_frag, true);
+    Convert(*convert_abgr8_to_d24s8_pipeline, dst_framebuffer, src_image_view, up_scale,
+            down_shift);
+}
+
+void BlitImageHelper::ConvertB10G11R11ToD24S8(const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer,
+                                              const ImageView& src_image_view, u32 up_scale,
+                                              u32 down_shift) {
+    ConvertPipelineDepthTargetEx(convert_b10g11r11_to_d24s8_pipeline, dst_framebuffer->RenderPass(),
+                                 convert_b10g11r11_to_d24s8_frag, true);
+    Convert(*convert_b10g11r11_to_d24s8_pipeline, dst_framebuffer, src_image_view, up_scale,
+            down_shift);
+}
+
+void BlitImageHelper::ConvertR16G16ToD24S8(const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer,
+                                           const ImageView& src_image_view, u32 up_scale,
+                                           u32 down_shift) {
+    ConvertPipelineDepthTargetEx(convert_r16g16_to_d24s8_pipeline, dst_framebuffer->RenderPass(),
+                                 convert_r16g16_to_d24s8_frag, true);
+    Convert(*convert_r16g16_to_d24s8_pipeline, dst_framebuffer, src_image_view, up_scale,
+            down_shift);
+}
+
+void BlitImageHelper::ConvertD24S8ToABGR8(const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer,
+                                          ImageView& src_image_view, u32 up_scale, u32 down_shift) {
+    ConvertPipelineColorTargetEx(convert_d24s8_to_abgr8_pipeline, dst_framebuffer->RenderPass(),
+                                 convert_d24s8_to_abgr8_frag, false);
+    ConvertDepthStencil(*convert_d24s8_to_abgr8_pipeline, dst_framebuffer, src_image_view, up_scale,
+                        down_shift);
+}
+
+void BlitImageHelper::ConvertD24S8ToB10G11R11(const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer,
+                                              ImageView& src_image_view, u32 up_scale,
+                                              u32 down_shift) {
+    ConvertPipelineColorTargetEx(convert_d24s8_to_b10g11r11_pipeline, dst_framebuffer->RenderPass(),
+                                 convert_d24s8_to_b10g11r11_frag, false);
+    ConvertDepthStencil(*convert_d24s8_to_b10g11r11_pipeline, dst_framebuffer, src_image_view,
+                        up_scale, down_shift);
+}
+
+void BlitImageHelper::ConvertD24S8ToR16G16(const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer,
+                                           ImageView& src_image_view, u32 up_scale,
+                                           u32 down_shift) {
+    ConvertPipelineColorTargetEx(convert_d24s8_to_r16g16_pipeline, dst_framebuffer->RenderPass(),
+                                 convert_d24s8_to_r16g16_frag, false);
+    ConvertDepthStencil(*convert_d24s8_to_r16g16_pipeline, dst_framebuffer, src_image_view,
+                        up_scale, down_shift);
+}
+
 void BlitImageHelper::Convert(VkPipeline pipeline, const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer,
                               const ImageView& src_image_view, u32 up_scale, u32 down_shift) {
     const VkPipelineLayout layout = *one_texture_pipeline_layout;
@@ -495,6 +560,54 @@ void BlitImageHelper::Convert(VkPipeline pipeline, const Framebuffer* dst_frameb
     scheduler.InvalidateState();
 }
 
+void BlitImageHelper::ConvertDepthStencil(VkPipeline pipeline, const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer,
+                                          ImageView& src_image_view, u32 up_scale, u32 down_shift) {
+    const VkPipelineLayout layout = *two_textures_pipeline_layout;
+    const VkImageView src_depth_view = src_image_view.DepthView();
+    const VkImageView src_stencil_view = src_image_view.StencilView();
+    const VkSampler sampler = *nearest_sampler;
+    const VkExtent2D extent{
+        .width = std::max((src_image_view.size.width * up_scale) >> down_shift, 1U),
+        .height = std::max((src_image_view.size.height * up_scale) >> down_shift, 1U),
+    };
+    scheduler.RequestRenderpass(dst_framebuffer);
+    scheduler.Record([pipeline, layout, sampler, src_depth_view, src_stencil_view, extent, up_scale,
+                      down_shift, this](vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) {
+        const VkOffset2D offset{
+            .x = 0,
+            .y = 0,
+        };
+        const VkViewport viewport{
+            .x = 0.0f,
+            .y = 0.0f,
+            .width = static_cast<float>(extent.width),
+            .height = static_cast<float>(extent.height),
+            .minDepth = 0.0f,
+            .maxDepth = 0.0f,
+        };
+        const VkRect2D scissor{
+            .offset = offset,
+            .extent = extent,
+        };
+        const PushConstants push_constants{
+            .tex_scale = {viewport.width, viewport.height},
+            .tex_offset = {0.0f, 0.0f},
+        };
+        const VkDescriptorSet descriptor_set = two_textures_descriptor_allocator.Commit();
+        UpdateTwoTexturesDescriptorSet(device, descriptor_set, sampler, src_depth_view,
+                                       src_stencil_view);
+        // TODO: Barriers
+        cmdbuf.BindPipeline(VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipeline);
+        cmdbuf.BindDescriptorSets(VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, layout, 0, descriptor_set,
+                                  nullptr);
+        cmdbuf.SetViewport(0, viewport);
+        cmdbuf.SetScissor(0, scissor);
+        cmdbuf.PushConstants(layout, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, push_constants);
+        cmdbuf.Draw(3, 1, 0, 0);
+    });
+    scheduler.InvalidateState();
+}
+
 VkPipeline BlitImageHelper::FindOrEmplaceColorPipeline(const BlitImagePipelineKey& key) {
     const auto it = std::ranges::find(blit_color_keys, key);
     if (it != blit_color_keys.end()) {
@@ -636,4 +749,44 @@ void BlitImageHelper::ConvertColorToDepthPipeline(vk::Pipeline& pipeline, VkRend
     });
 }
 
+void BlitImageHelper::ConvertPipelineEx(vk::Pipeline& pipeline, VkRenderPass renderpass,
+                                        vk::ShaderModule& module, bool is_target_depth,
+                                        bool single_texture) {
+    if (pipeline) {
+        return;
+    }
+    const std::array stages = MakeStages(*full_screen_vert, *module);
+    pipeline = device.GetLogical().CreateGraphicsPipeline({
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        .flags = 0,
+        .stageCount = static_cast<u32>(stages.size()),
+        .pStages = stages.data(),
+        .pVertexInputState = &PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pInputAssemblyState = &PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pTessellationState = nullptr,
+        .pViewportState = &PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pRasterizationState = &PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pMultisampleState = &PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pDepthStencilState = is_target_depth ? &PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO : nullptr,
+        .pColorBlendState = &PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_GENERIC_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pDynamicState = &PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .layout = single_texture ? *one_texture_pipeline_layout : *two_textures_pipeline_layout,
+        .renderPass = renderpass,
+        .subpass = 0,
+        .basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE,
+        .basePipelineIndex = 0,
+    });
+}
+
+void BlitImageHelper::ConvertPipelineColorTargetEx(vk::Pipeline& pipeline, VkRenderPass renderpass,
+                                                   vk::ShaderModule& module, bool single_texture) {
+    ConvertPipelineEx(pipeline, renderpass, module, false, single_texture);
+}
+
+void BlitImageHelper::ConvertPipelineDepthTargetEx(vk::Pipeline& pipeline, VkRenderPass renderpass,
+                                                   vk::ShaderModule& module, bool single_texture) {
+    ConvertPipelineEx(pipeline, renderpass, module, true, single_texture);
+}
+
 } // namespace Vulkan

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/blit_image.h

@@ -56,10 +56,31 @@ public:
     void ConvertR16ToD16(const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer, const ImageView& src_image_view,
                          u32 up_scale, u32 down_shift);
 
+    void ConvertABGR8ToD24S8(const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer, const ImageView& src_image_view,
+                             u32 up_scale, u32 down_shift);
+
+    void ConvertB10G11R11ToD24S8(const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer,
+                                 const ImageView& src_image_view, u32 up_scale, u32 down_shift);
+
+    void ConvertR16G16ToD24S8(const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer, const ImageView& src_image_view,
+                              u32 up_scale, u32 down_shift);
+
+    void ConvertD24S8ToABGR8(const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer, ImageView& src_image_view,
+                             u32 up_scale, u32 down_shift);
+
+    void ConvertD24S8ToB10G11R11(const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer, ImageView& src_image_view,
+                                 u32 up_scale, u32 down_shift);
+
+    void ConvertD24S8ToR16G16(const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer, ImageView& src_image_view,
+                              u32 up_scale, u32 down_shift);
+
 private:
     void Convert(VkPipeline pipeline, const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer,
                  const ImageView& src_image_view, u32 up_scale, u32 down_shift);
 
+    void ConvertDepthStencil(VkPipeline pipeline, const Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer,
+                             ImageView& src_image_view, u32 up_scale, u32 down_shift);
+
     [[nodiscard]] VkPipeline FindOrEmplaceColorPipeline(const BlitImagePipelineKey& key);
 
     [[nodiscard]] VkPipeline FindOrEmplaceDepthStencilPipeline(const BlitImagePipelineKey& key);
@@ -68,6 +89,15 @@ private:
 
     void ConvertColorToDepthPipeline(vk::Pipeline& pipeline, VkRenderPass renderpass);
 
+    void ConvertPipelineEx(vk::Pipeline& pipeline, VkRenderPass renderpass,
+                           vk::ShaderModule& module, bool is_target_depth, bool single_texture);
+
+    void ConvertPipelineColorTargetEx(vk::Pipeline& pipeline, VkRenderPass renderpass,
+                                      vk::ShaderModule& module, bool single_texture);
+
+    void ConvertPipelineDepthTargetEx(vk::Pipeline& pipeline, VkRenderPass renderpass,
+                                      vk::ShaderModule& module, bool single_texture);
+
     const Device& device;
     VKScheduler& scheduler;
     StateTracker& state_tracker;
@@ -83,6 +113,12 @@ private:
     vk::ShaderModule blit_depth_stencil_frag;
     vk::ShaderModule convert_depth_to_float_frag;
     vk::ShaderModule convert_float_to_depth_frag;
+    vk::ShaderModule convert_abgr8_to_d24s8_frag;
+    vk::ShaderModule convert_b10g11r11_to_d24s8_frag;
+    vk::ShaderModule convert_r16g16_to_d24s8_frag;
+    vk::ShaderModule convert_d24s8_to_abgr8_frag;
+    vk::ShaderModule convert_d24s8_to_b10g11r11_frag;
+    vk::ShaderModule convert_d24s8_to_r16g16_frag;
     vk::Sampler linear_sampler;
     vk::Sampler nearest_sampler;
 
@@ -94,6 +130,12 @@ private:
     vk::Pipeline convert_r32_to_d32_pipeline;
     vk::Pipeline convert_d16_to_r16_pipeline;
     vk::Pipeline convert_r16_to_d16_pipeline;
+    vk::Pipeline convert_abgr8_to_d24s8_pipeline;
+    vk::Pipeline convert_b10g11r11_to_d24s8_pipeline;
+    vk::Pipeline convert_r16g16_to_d24s8_pipeline;
+    vk::Pipeline convert_d24s8_to_abgr8_pipeline;
+    vk::Pipeline convert_d24s8_to_b10g11r11_pipeline;
+    vk::Pipeline convert_d24s8_to_r16g16_pipeline;
 };
 
 } // namespace Vulkan

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/maxwell_to_vk.cpp

@@ -208,6 +208,9 @@ struct FormatTuple {
     {VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT, Attachable}, // D32_FLOAT
     {VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM, Attachable},  // D16_UNORM
 
+    // Stencil formats
+    {VK_FORMAT_S8_UINT, Attachable}, // S8_UINT
+
     // DepthStencil formats
     {VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT, Attachable},  // D24_UNORM_S8_UINT
     {VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT, Attachable},  // S8_UINT_D24_UNORM (emulated)

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_texture_cache.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "common/bit_cast.h"
+#include "common/bit_util.h"
 #include "common/settings.h"
 
 #include "video_core/engines/fermi_2d.h"
@@ -102,6 +103,7 @@ constexpr VkBorderColor ConvertBorderColor(const std::array<float, 4>& color) {
             usage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
             break;
         case VideoCore::Surface::SurfaceType::Depth:
+        case VideoCore::Surface::SurfaceType::Stencil:
         case VideoCore::Surface::SurfaceType::DepthStencil:
             usage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
             break;
@@ -173,6 +175,8 @@ constexpr VkBorderColor ConvertBorderColor(const std::array<float, 4>& color) {
         return VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
     case VideoCore::Surface::SurfaceType::Depth:
         return VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
+    case VideoCore::Surface::SurfaceType::Stencil:
+        return VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT;
     case VideoCore::Surface::SurfaceType::DepthStencil:
         return VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT | VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT;
     default:
@@ -195,6 +199,8 @@ constexpr VkBorderColor ConvertBorderColor(const std::array<float, 4>& color) {
     case PixelFormat::D16_UNORM:
     case PixelFormat::D32_FLOAT:
         return VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
+    case PixelFormat::S8_UINT:
+        return VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT;
     default:
         return VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
     }
@@ -308,6 +314,19 @@ constexpr VkBorderColor ConvertBorderColor(const std::array<float, 4>& color) {
     };
 }
 
+[[nodiscard]] VkBufferImageCopy MakeBufferImageCopy(const VideoCommon::ImageCopy& copy, bool is_src,
+                                                    VkImageAspectFlags aspect_mask) noexcept {
+    return VkBufferImageCopy{
+        .bufferOffset = 0,
+        .bufferRowLength = 0,
+        .bufferImageHeight = 0,
+        .imageSubresource = MakeImageSubresourceLayers(
+            is_src ? copy.src_subresource : copy.dst_subresource, aspect_mask),
+        .imageOffset = MakeOffset3D(is_src ? copy.src_offset : copy.dst_offset),
+        .imageExtent = MakeExtent3D(copy.extent),
+    };
+}
+
 [[maybe_unused]] [[nodiscard]] std::vector<VkBufferCopy> TransformBufferCopies(
     std::span<const VideoCommon::BufferCopy> copies, size_t buffer_offset) {
     std::vector<VkBufferCopy> result(copies.size());
@@ -754,6 +773,163 @@ StagingBufferRef TextureCacheRuntime::DownloadStagingBuffer(size_t size) {
     return staging_buffer_pool.Request(size, MemoryUsage::Download);
 }
 
+bool TextureCacheRuntime::ShouldReinterpret(Image& dst, Image& src) {
+    if (VideoCore::Surface::GetFormatType(dst.info.format) ==
+        VideoCore::Surface::SurfaceType::DepthStencil) {
+        return !device.IsExtShaderStencilExportSupported();
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+VkBuffer TextureCacheRuntime::GetTemporaryBuffer(size_t needed_size) {
+    const auto level = (8 * sizeof(size_t)) - std::countl_zero(needed_size - 1ULL);
+    if (buffer_commits[level]) {
+        return *buffers[level];
+    }
+    const auto new_size = Common::NextPow2(needed_size);
+    static constexpr VkBufferUsageFlags flags =
+        VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT |
+        VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_TEXEL_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_TEXEL_BUFFER_BIT;
+    buffers[level] = device.GetLogical().CreateBuffer({
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        .flags = 0,
+        .size = new_size,
+        .usage = flags,
+        .sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,
+        .queueFamilyIndexCount = 0,
+        .pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr,
+    });
+    buffer_commits[level] = std::make_unique<MemoryCommit>(
+        memory_allocator.Commit(buffers[level], MemoryUsage::DeviceLocal));
+    return *buffers[level];
+}
+
+void TextureCacheRuntime::ReinterpretImage(Image& dst, Image& src,
+                                           std::span<const VideoCommon::ImageCopy> copies) {
+    std::vector<VkBufferImageCopy> vk_in_copies(copies.size());
+    std::vector<VkBufferImageCopy> vk_out_copies(copies.size());
+    const VkImageAspectFlags src_aspect_mask = src.AspectMask();
+    const VkImageAspectFlags dst_aspect_mask = dst.AspectMask();
+
+    std::ranges::transform(copies, vk_in_copies.begin(), [src_aspect_mask](const auto& copy) {
+        return MakeBufferImageCopy(copy, true, src_aspect_mask);
+    });
+    std::ranges::transform(copies, vk_out_copies.begin(), [dst_aspect_mask](const auto& copy) {
+        return MakeBufferImageCopy(copy, false, dst_aspect_mask);
+    });
+    const u32 img_bpp = BytesPerBlock(src.info.format);
+    size_t total_size = 0;
+    for (const auto& copy : copies) {
+        total_size += copy.extent.width * copy.extent.height * copy.extent.depth * img_bpp;
+    }
+    const VkBuffer copy_buffer = GetTemporaryBuffer(total_size);
+    const VkImage dst_image = dst.Handle();
+    const VkImage src_image = src.Handle();
+    scheduler.RequestOutsideRenderPassOperationContext();
+    scheduler.Record([dst_image, src_image, copy_buffer, src_aspect_mask, dst_aspect_mask,
+                      vk_in_copies, vk_out_copies](vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) {
+        RangedBarrierRange dst_range;
+        RangedBarrierRange src_range;
+        for (const VkBufferImageCopy& copy : vk_in_copies) {
+            src_range.AddLayers(copy.imageSubresource);
+        }
+        for (const VkBufferImageCopy& copy : vk_out_copies) {
+            dst_range.AddLayers(copy.imageSubresource);
+        }
+        static constexpr VkMemoryBarrier READ_BARRIER{
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+            .pNext = nullptr,
+            .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT,
+            .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
+        };
+        static constexpr VkMemoryBarrier WRITE_BARRIER{
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+            .pNext = nullptr,
+            .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
+            .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT,
+        };
+        const std::array pre_barriers{
+            VkImageMemoryBarrier{
+                .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+                .pNext = nullptr,
+                .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
+                                 VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
+                                 VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
+                .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT,
+                .oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
+                .newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
+                .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+                .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+                .image = src_image,
+                .subresourceRange = src_range.SubresourceRange(src_aspect_mask),
+            },
+        };
+        const std::array middle_in_barrier{
+            VkImageMemoryBarrier{
+                .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+                .pNext = nullptr,
+                .srcAccessMask = 0,
+                .dstAccessMask = 0,
+                .oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
+                .newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
+                .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+                .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+                .image = src_image,
+                .subresourceRange = src_range.SubresourceRange(src_aspect_mask),
+            },
+        };
+        const std::array middle_out_barrier{
+            VkImageMemoryBarrier{
+                .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+                .pNext = nullptr,
+                .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
+                                 VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
+                                 VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
+                .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
+                .oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
+                .newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
+                .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+                .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+                .image = dst_image,
+                .subresourceRange = dst_range.SubresourceRange(dst_aspect_mask),
+            },
+        };
+        const std::array post_barriers{
+            VkImageMemoryBarrier{
+                .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+                .pNext = nullptr,
+                .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
+                .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT |
+                                 VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
+                                 VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
+                                 VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
+                                 VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
+                                 VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
+                .oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
+                .newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
+                .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+                .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+                .image = dst_image,
+                .subresourceRange = dst_range.SubresourceRange(dst_aspect_mask),
+            },
+        };
+        cmdbuf.PipelineBarrier(VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
+                               0, {}, {}, pre_barriers);
+
+        cmdbuf.CopyImageToBuffer(src_image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL, copy_buffer,
+                                 vk_in_copies);
+        cmdbuf.PipelineBarrier(VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT,
+                               0, WRITE_BARRIER, nullptr, middle_in_barrier);
+
+        cmdbuf.PipelineBarrier(VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
+                               0, READ_BARRIER, {}, middle_out_barrier);
+        cmdbuf.CopyBufferToImage(copy_buffer, dst_image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL, vk_out_copies);
+        cmdbuf.PipelineBarrier(VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT,
+                               0, {}, {}, post_barriers);
+    });
+}
+
 void TextureCacheRuntime::BlitImage(Framebuffer* dst_framebuffer, ImageView& dst, ImageView& src,
                                     const Region2D& dst_region, const Region2D& src_region,
                                     Tegra::Engines::Fermi2D::Filter filter,
@@ -881,6 +1057,22 @@ void TextureCacheRuntime::ConvertImage(Framebuffer* dst, ImageView& dst_view, Im
             return blit_image_helper.ConvertD16ToR16(dst, src_view, up_scale, down_shift);
         }
         break;
+    case PixelFormat::A8B8G8R8_UNORM:
+    case PixelFormat::B8G8R8A8_UNORM:
+        if (src_view.format == PixelFormat::S8_UINT_D24_UNORM) {
+            return blit_image_helper.ConvertD24S8ToABGR8(dst, src_view, up_scale, down_shift);
+        }
+        break;
+    case PixelFormat::B10G11R11_FLOAT:
+        if (src_view.format == PixelFormat::S8_UINT_D24_UNORM) {
+            return blit_image_helper.ConvertD24S8ToB10G11R11(dst, src_view, up_scale, down_shift);
+        }
+        break;
+    case PixelFormat::R16G16_UNORM:
+        if (src_view.format == PixelFormat::S8_UINT_D24_UNORM) {
+            return blit_image_helper.ConvertD24S8ToR16G16(dst, src_view, up_scale, down_shift);
+        }
+        break;
     case PixelFormat::R32_FLOAT:
         if (src_view.format == PixelFormat::D32_FLOAT) {
             return blit_image_helper.ConvertD32ToR32(dst, src_view, up_scale, down_shift);
@@ -891,6 +1083,18 @@ void TextureCacheRuntime::ConvertImage(Framebuffer* dst, ImageView& dst_view, Im
             return blit_image_helper.ConvertR16ToD16(dst, src_view, up_scale, down_shift);
         }
         break;
+    case PixelFormat::S8_UINT_D24_UNORM:
+        if (src_view.format == PixelFormat::A8B8G8R8_UNORM ||
+            src_view.format == PixelFormat::B8G8R8A8_UNORM) {
+            return blit_image_helper.ConvertABGR8ToD24S8(dst, src_view, up_scale, down_shift);
+        }
+        if (src_view.format == PixelFormat::B10G11R11_FLOAT) {
+            return blit_image_helper.ConvertB10G11R11ToD24S8(dst, src_view, up_scale, down_shift);
+        }
+        if (src_view.format == PixelFormat::R16G16_UNORM) {
+            return blit_image_helper.ConvertR16G16ToD24S8(dst, src_view, up_scale, down_shift);
+        }
+        break;
     case PixelFormat::D32_FLOAT:
         if (src_view.format == PixelFormat::R32_FLOAT) {
             return blit_image_helper.ConvertR32ToD32(dst, src_view, up_scale, down_shift);

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_texture_cache.h

@@ -61,6 +61,10 @@ public:
 
     void CopyImage(Image& dst, Image& src, std::span<const VideoCommon::ImageCopy> copies);
 
+    bool ShouldReinterpret(Image& dst, Image& src);
+
+    void ReinterpretImage(Image& dst, Image& src, std::span<const VideoCommon::ImageCopy> copies);
+
     void ConvertImage(Framebuffer* dst, ImageView& dst_view, ImageView& src_view, bool rescaled);
 
     bool CanAccelerateImageUpload(Image&) const noexcept {
@@ -82,6 +86,8 @@ public:
         return true;
     }
 
+    [[nodiscard]] VkBuffer GetTemporaryBuffer(size_t needed_size);
+
     const Device& device;
     VKScheduler& scheduler;
     MemoryAllocator& memory_allocator;
@@ -90,6 +96,10 @@ public:
     ASTCDecoderPass& astc_decoder_pass;
     RenderPassCache& render_pass_cache;
     const Settings::ResolutionScalingInfo& resolution;
+
+    constexpr static size_t indexing_slots = 8 * sizeof(size_t);
+    std::array<vk::Buffer, indexing_slots> buffers{};
+    std::array<std::unique_ptr<MemoryCommit>, indexing_slots> buffer_commits{};
 };
 
 class Image : public VideoCommon::ImageBase {
@@ -316,7 +326,6 @@ struct TextureCacheParams {
     static constexpr bool FRAMEBUFFER_BLITS = false;
     static constexpr bool HAS_EMULATED_COPIES = false;
     static constexpr bool HAS_DEVICE_MEMORY_INFO = true;
-    static constexpr bool HAS_PIXEL_FORMAT_CONVERSIONS = false;
 
     using Runtime = Vulkan::TextureCacheRuntime;
     using Image = Vulkan::Image;

src/video_core/surface.cpp

@@ -82,6 +82,8 @@ PixelFormat PixelFormatFromDepthFormat(Tegra::DepthFormat format) {
         return PixelFormat::D32_FLOAT;
     case Tegra::DepthFormat::D16_UNORM:
         return PixelFormat::D16_UNORM;
+    case Tegra::DepthFormat::S8_UINT:
+        return PixelFormat::S8_UINT;
     case Tegra::DepthFormat::D32_FLOAT_S8X24_UINT:
         return PixelFormat::D32_FLOAT_S8_UINT;
     default:
@@ -213,6 +215,11 @@ SurfaceType GetFormatType(PixelFormat pixel_format) {
         return SurfaceType::Depth;
     }
 
+    if (static_cast<std::size_t>(pixel_format) <
+        static_cast<std::size_t>(PixelFormat::MaxStencilFormat)) {
+        return SurfaceType::Stencil;
+    }
+
     if (static_cast<std::size_t>(pixel_format) <
         static_cast<std::size_t>(PixelFormat::MaxDepthStencilFormat)) {
         return SurfaceType::DepthStencil;

src/video_core/surface.h

@@ -110,8 +110,12 @@ enum class PixelFormat {
 
     MaxDepthFormat,
 
+    // Stencil formats
+    S8_UINT = MaxDepthFormat,
+    MaxStencilFormat,
+
     // DepthStencil formats
-    D24_UNORM_S8_UINT = MaxDepthFormat,
+    D24_UNORM_S8_UINT = MaxStencilFormat,
     S8_UINT_D24_UNORM,
     D32_FLOAT_S8_UINT,
 
@@ -125,8 +129,9 @@ constexpr std::size_t MaxPixelFormat = static_cast<std::size_t>(PixelFormat::Max
 enum class SurfaceType {
     ColorTexture = 0,
     Depth = 1,
-    DepthStencil = 2,
-    Invalid = 3,
+    Stencil = 2,
+    DepthStencil = 3,
+    Invalid = 4,
 };
 
 enum class SurfaceTarget {
@@ -229,6 +234,7 @@ constexpr std::array<u32, MaxPixelFormat> BLOCK_WIDTH_TABLE = {{
     1,  // E5B9G9R9_FLOAT
     1,  // D32_FLOAT
     1,  // D16_UNORM
+    1,  // S8_UINT
     1,  // D24_UNORM_S8_UINT
     1,  // S8_UINT_D24_UNORM
     1,  // D32_FLOAT_S8_UINT
@@ -328,6 +334,7 @@ constexpr std::array<u32, MaxPixelFormat> BLOCK_HEIGHT_TABLE = {{
     1,  // E5B9G9R9_FLOAT
     1,  // D32_FLOAT
     1,  // D16_UNORM
+    1,  // S8_UINT
     1,  // D24_UNORM_S8_UINT
     1,  // S8_UINT_D24_UNORM
     1,  // D32_FLOAT_S8_UINT
@@ -427,6 +434,7 @@ constexpr std::array<u32, MaxPixelFormat> BITS_PER_BLOCK_TABLE = {{
     32,  // E5B9G9R9_FLOAT
     32,  // D32_FLOAT
     16,  // D16_UNORM
+    8,   // S8_UINT
     32,  // D24_UNORM_S8_UINT
     32,  // S8_UINT_D24_UNORM
     64,  // D32_FLOAT_S8_UINT

src/video_core/texture_cache/formatter.h

@@ -194,6 +194,8 @@ struct fmt::formatter<VideoCore::Surface::PixelFormat> : fmt::formatter<fmt::str
                 return "D32_FLOAT";
             case PixelFormat::D16_UNORM:
                 return "D16_UNORM";
+            case PixelFormat::S8_UINT:
+                return "S8_UINT";
             case PixelFormat::D24_UNORM_S8_UINT:
                 return "D24_UNORM_S8_UINT";
             case PixelFormat::S8_UINT_D24_UNORM:

src/video_core/texture_cache/texture_cache.h

@@ -475,6 +475,7 @@ void TextureCache<P>::BlitImage(const Tegra::Engines::Fermi2D::Surface& dst,
     const BlitImages images = GetBlitImages(dst, src);
     const ImageId dst_id = images.dst_id;
     const ImageId src_id = images.src_id;
+
     PrepareImage(src_id, false, false);
     PrepareImage(dst_id, true, false);
 
@@ -758,7 +759,8 @@ ImageId TextureCache<P>::FindImage(const ImageInfo& info, GPUVAddr gpu_addr,
             return ImageId{};
         }
     }
-    const bool broken_views = runtime.HasBrokenTextureViewFormats();
+    const bool broken_views =
+        runtime.HasBrokenTextureViewFormats() || True(options & RelaxedOptions::ForceBrokenViews);
     const bool native_bgr = runtime.HasNativeBgr();
     ImageId image_id;
     const auto lambda = [&](ImageId existing_image_id, ImageBase& existing_image) {
@@ -1094,12 +1096,13 @@ typename TextureCache<P>::BlitImages TextureCache<P>::GetBlitImages(
         if (GetFormatType(dst_info.format) != GetFormatType(src_info.format)) {
             continue;
         }
-        if (!dst_id) {
-            dst_id = InsertImage(dst_info, dst_addr, RelaxedOptions{});
-        }
-        if (!src_id) {
-            src_id = InsertImage(src_info, src_addr, RelaxedOptions{});
+        RelaxedOptions find_options{};
+        if (src_info.num_samples > 1) {
+            // it's a resolve, we must enforce the same format.
+            find_options = RelaxedOptions::ForceBrokenViews;
         }
+        src_id = FindOrInsertImage(src_info, src_addr, find_options);
+        dst_id = FindOrInsertImage(dst_info, dst_addr, find_options);
     } while (has_deleted_images);
     return BlitImages{
         .dst_id = dst_id,
@@ -1759,8 +1762,8 @@ void TextureCache<P>::CopyImage(ImageId dst_id, ImageId src_id, std::vector<Imag
     }
     UNIMPLEMENTED_IF(dst.info.type != ImageType::e2D);
     UNIMPLEMENTED_IF(src.info.type != ImageType::e2D);
-    if constexpr (HAS_PIXEL_FORMAT_CONVERSIONS) {
-        return runtime.ConvertImage(dst, src, copies);
+    if (runtime.ShouldReinterpret(dst, src)) {
+        return runtime.ReinterpretImage(dst, src, copies);
     }
     for (const ImageCopy& copy : copies) {
         UNIMPLEMENTED_IF(copy.dst_subresource.num_layers != 1);

src/video_core/texture_cache/texture_cache_base.h

@@ -59,8 +59,6 @@ class TextureCache {
     static constexpr bool HAS_EMULATED_COPIES = P::HAS_EMULATED_COPIES;
     /// True when the API can provide info about the memory of the device.
     static constexpr bool HAS_DEVICE_MEMORY_INFO = P::HAS_DEVICE_MEMORY_INFO;
-    /// True when the API provides utilities for pixel format conversions.
-    static constexpr bool HAS_PIXEL_FORMAT_CONVERSIONS = P::HAS_PIXEL_FORMAT_CONVERSIONS;
 
     static constexpr u64 DEFAULT_EXPECTED_MEMORY = 1_GiB;
     static constexpr u64 DEFAULT_CRITICAL_MEMORY = 2_GiB;

src/video_core/texture_cache/types.h

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ enum class RelaxedOptions : u32 {
     Size = 1 << 0,
     Format = 1 << 1,
     Samples = 1 << 2,
+    ForceBrokenViews = 1 << 3,
 };
 DECLARE_ENUM_FLAG_OPERATORS(RelaxedOptions)
 

src/video_core/texture_cache/util.cpp

@@ -1151,18 +1151,39 @@ bool IsSubresource(const ImageInfo& candidate, const ImageBase& image, GPUVAddr
 
 void DeduceBlitImages(ImageInfo& dst_info, ImageInfo& src_info, const ImageBase* dst,
                       const ImageBase* src) {
-    if (src && GetFormatType(src->info.format) != SurfaceType::ColorTexture) {
-        src_info.format = src->info.format;
+    bool is_resolve = false;
+    const auto original_src_format = src_info.format;
+    const auto original_dst_format = dst_info.format;
+    if (src) {
+        if (GetFormatType(src->info.format) != SurfaceType::ColorTexture) {
+            src_info.format = src->info.format;
+        }
+        is_resolve = src->info.num_samples > 1;
+        src_info.num_samples = src->info.num_samples;
+        src_info.size = src->info.size;
     }
     if (dst && GetFormatType(dst->info.format) != SurfaceType::ColorTexture) {
         dst_info.format = dst->info.format;
     }
     if (src && GetFormatType(src->info.format) != SurfaceType::ColorTexture) {
-        dst_info.format = src->info.format;
+        if (dst) {
+            if (GetFormatType(dst->info.format) == SurfaceType::ColorTexture) {
+                src_info.format = original_src_format;
+            }
+        } else {
+            dst_info.format = src->info.format;
+        }
     }
     if (dst && GetFormatType(dst->info.format) != SurfaceType::ColorTexture) {
-        src_info.format = dst->info.format;
+        if (src) {
+            if (GetFormatType(src->info.format) == SurfaceType::ColorTexture) {
+                dst_info.format = original_dst_format;
+            }
+        } else {
+            src_info.format = dst->info.format;
+        }
     }
+    ASSERT(!is_resolve || dst_info.format == src_info.format);
 }
 
 u32 MapSizeBytes(const ImageBase& image) {

src/video_core/video_core.cpp

@@ -55,10 +55,4 @@ std::unique_ptr<Tegra::GPU> CreateGPU(Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window, Cor
     }
 }
 
-float GetResolutionScaleFactor(const RendererBase& renderer) {
-    return Settings::values.resolution_info.active
-               ? Settings::values.resolution_info.up_factor
-               : renderer.GetRenderWindow().GetFramebufferLayout().GetScalingRatio();
-}
-
 } // namespace VideoCore

src/video_core/video_core.h

@@ -25,6 +25,4 @@ class RendererBase;
 /// Creates an emulated GPU instance using the given system context.
 std::unique_ptr<Tegra::GPU> CreateGPU(Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window, Core::System& system);
 
-float GetResolutionScaleFactor(const RendererBase& renderer);
-
 } // namespace VideoCore

src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_device.cpp

@@ -21,6 +21,13 @@
 namespace Vulkan {
 namespace {
 namespace Alternatives {
+constexpr std::array STENCIL8_UINT{
+    VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM_S8_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
+};
+
 constexpr std::array DEPTH24_UNORM_STENCIL8_UINT{
     VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT,
     VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM_S8_UINT,
@@ -74,6 +81,8 @@ void SetNext(void**& next, T& data) {
 
 constexpr const VkFormat* GetFormatAlternatives(VkFormat format) {
     switch (format) {
+    case VK_FORMAT_S8_UINT:
+        return Alternatives::STENCIL8_UINT.data();
     case VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT:
         return Alternatives::DEPTH24_UNORM_STENCIL8_UINT.data();
     case VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM_S8_UINT:
@@ -145,6 +154,7 @@ std::unordered_map<VkFormat, VkFormatProperties> GetFormatProperties(vk::Physica
         VK_FORMAT_R4G4B4A4_UNORM_PACK16,
         VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT,
         VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_S8_UINT,
         VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM_S8_UINT,
         VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT,
         VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT,

src/yuzu/bootmanager.cpp

@@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ void GRenderWindow::ReleaseRenderTarget() {
 
 void GRenderWindow::CaptureScreenshot(const QString& screenshot_path) {
     auto& renderer = system.Renderer();
-    const f32 res_scale = VideoCore::GetResolutionScaleFactor(renderer);
+    const f32 res_scale = Settings::values.resolution_info.up_factor;
 
     const Layout::FramebufferLayout layout{Layout::FrameLayoutFromResolutionScale(res_scale)};
     screenshot_image = QImage(QSize(layout.width, layout.height), QImage::Format_RGB32);

src/yuzu/main.cpp

@@ -3300,9 +3300,9 @@ void GMainWindow::OnReinitializeKeys(ReinitializeKeyBehavior behavior) {
         if (!errors.isEmpty()) {
             QMessageBox::warning(
                 this, tr("Derivation Components Missing"),
-                tr("Components are missing that may hinder key derivation from completing. "
+                tr("Encryption keys are missing. "
                    "<br>Please follow <a href='https://yuzu-emu.org/help/quickstart/'>the yuzu "
-                   "quickstart guide</a> to get all your keys and "
+                   "quickstart guide</a> to get all your keys, firmware and "
                    "games.<br><br><small>(%1)</small>")
                     .arg(errors));
         }